Layer 4—Transport. Note: Click each hyperlink in the list below to read detailed information and examples of each layer or continue scrolling to read the full article: Layer 7—Application. A desktop computer system typically runs a user-friendly operating system and desktop applications to facilitate desktop-oriented tasks. Content management systems offer a graphic user interface (GUI) on a device screen to access the platform via a web browser. For example, the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77. Most mainframes, minicomputers, and computer networks have an email system. Additionally, podcasts can be used in a wider variety of ways than. February 8, 2011. Spyware is a type of malware that allows hackers to view a user’s computer activity. ”. A search engine is really a general class of programs; however, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Google, Bing, and Yahoo! Search that enable users to search for. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. About Us. Queries enable users to locate records that meet certain criteria, make complex calculations, apply intricate operations to a large data set. Bandwidth is a measurement of the amount of data that can be transmitted simultaneously. Updated on: May 24, 2021. Updated on: June 30, 2022. The main purpose of a cookie is to identify users and possibly prepare customized Web pages or to save site login information for you. Source: 512 Pixels. Short for web browser, a browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve, and display content on the World Wide Web, including webpages, images, videos, and other files. User. Typically updated daily, blogs often reflect the personality of the author. Vangie Beal is a freelance business and technology writer covering Internet technologies and online business since the late '90s. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. March 1, 2021. Updated on: May 24, 2021. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. com definitions: big data and big data analytics. Он создал Своих воинов Своей волей и интеллектом, но и Терра оставила след на воинах, взросших на её земле. Cloud-based is a term that refers to applications, services or resources made available to users on demand via the Internet from a cloud computing provider’s servers. Wide-area networks (WANs): The computers are farther apart and are connected by. Контекст. To learn more about Network Certification, check out these courses. Servers are powerful computers or processes dedicated to managing disk drives ( file servers ), printers ( print servers ), or network traffic. Vangie Beal. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. The Class of the address determines which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address. RAM is found in servers, PCs,. Webopedia, owned by Find. Once contact has been made, the browser requests the data from the Web. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. While burn up charts use an upward slope and burn down charts use a downward slope, both charts contain a Y-axis to represent points or effort while the X-axis represents some. Phishing is a type of cybercrime in which victims are contacted by email, telephone, or text message by an attacker posing as a trustworthy entity in order to obtain sensitive information or data, such as. The Class of the address determines which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address. Routing is a core feature of the internet, where the router. A content delivery network (CDN) is a system of geographically distributed servers that work together to provide fast delivery of internet content, serving over half of all internet traffic. Once a picture has been taken, it can be downloaded to a computer system, manipulated with a graphics program, and. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Software: Operating systems (OSs), firmware, or any other code that programs IoT hardware. Свет, отбрасываемый пылающим остовом, медленно уходил, и тени от бронированных иллюминаторов, гобеленов и самих Темных Ангелов вытянулись, кружа на дальней стене. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. Unlike alphanumeric characters, special characters are extremely versatile. October 15, 1996. Updated on: November 2, 2021. к результату этой атаки. While a single computer can run several small processes simultaneously, servers are highly specialized computers responsible for. A portmanteau word from “web log,” a blog is a Web page that serves as a publicly accessible personal journal for an individual, or as a communications platform for a business. It’s designed to minimize latency in loading web pages by reducing the physical distance between the server and the user. Updated on: May 28, 2021. Aside from size and portability, the principal difference between a notebook computer and a personal computer is the display screen. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. Материал из Warpopedia Перейти к навигации Перейти к поиску Ересь Гора: Осада Терры / Horus Heresy: Siege of Terra (серия)Тёмные истоки мира Вархаммера пропитаны кровью. The answer to that questions is that both are MP3 players, but the iPod is a specific brand of MP3 player, made by Apple that has a specific set of features and design. A configuration is the way a system is set up, or the assortment of components that make up the system. Updated on: May 24, 2021. The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over. Проведя десять тысяч лет в стазисе в самом сердце своего расколотого родного мира, Лев Эль'Джонсон пробуждается ото сна и оказывается в кошмаре Империума-Нигилус. Обратившись за помощью к авангардным ударным силам, лорд Марней Калгар отправил во внешнюю тьму передовые отряды, чтобы те нашли союзников и. ILY means I love you. When we talk about the Internet, we talk about the World Wide Web from the past four or five years. Vangie Beal. A cookie (called an Internet or Web cookie) is the term given to describe a type of message that is given to a web browser by a web server. These services are moved outside an organization’s firewall and can be. This keyboard has all vowels and punctuation marks on the left side and consonants on the right side. WEBOPEDIA Whether an Internet user is stumped for the meaning of a termor hung up on how many nibbles make up a bit, chances are online encyclopedia Webopedia has answers. This program can be created in most programming languages and is traditionally used to illustrate the basic syntax of the language. November 11, 1996. Снаряд «Инфернус» «Леман Русса» 3. bs) have university operators. Webopedia Staff. It enables you to write text, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. In simpler terms, it is making computers think like humans. A computer system is a collection of hardware and software that performs specific tasks. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. What is a laptop computer? (n. Of all computer applications, word processing is the most. Updated on: May 24, 2021. While a computer is actively using an application, that application’s data is processed in main memory. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. QWERTY simply refers to the arrangement of the letters on the keyboard and is named after the first. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Integrated circuit. Отрезанный и окруженный Вигилус остро нуждался в подкреплениях. But, its history goes back a lot further; all the way back to the 1950s and 60s. The client then negotiates with. The central processing unit is the hub that performs computations in a device. It’s a type of computer memory that can be randomly accessed, meaning any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. Updated on: May 24, 2021. Social networking sites can be used to describe community-based Web sites. The central processing unit is the hub that performs computations in a device. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. It is similar to talk radio in many ways, but with podcasts, listeners have more control over what they listen to and how and where they listen to it. Ассасинорум. We connect researchers like you with easy-to-understand definitions for thousands of technology terms and acronyms, along with educational guides and software and. Firewalls allow, limit, and block network traffic based on preconfigured rules in the hardware or software, analyzing data packets that. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Wookieepedia: The Star Wars Wiki is an online encyclopedia for information about the Star Wars universe —including information on all the films, the books, as well as Clone Wars,. Mimecast is an information security company focused on protecting digital consumers’ email security through a suite of commercial cybersecurity solutions . Updated on: November 8, 2022. All protocols that belong to the TCP/IP protocol suite are located in the top three layers of this model. co is the most comprehensive online information technology and computer science reference for IT professionals, students, and educators. Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving a website or web page so it increases organic traffic quality and quantity from search engines. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Antivirus and antispyware programs work pretty much in the same way, the difference being the type of malicious file and pattern the program scans your hard drive (including the system registry) for and detects. Категория:Warhammer 40,000. Social media networking includes both casual and professional interactions. 8 zettabytes (or 1. Protocols: Wi-Fi, IP, 5G, or other protocols that enable transmission of data. September 1, 1996. An IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the node, or host. Routers are completely different devices. Warhammer 40,000 (неофиц. Whitelisting is a cybersecurity strategy that only allows an approved list of applications, programs, websites, IP addresses, email addresses, or IP domains, to run in a protected computer or network. Mice, trackballs, and light pens are all alternate input devices. Mimecast is a downloadable software program to meet organizations’ needs to protect against security. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. Mobile cloud storage additionally facilitates syncing and sharing data across multiple devices such as mobile phones and tablet computers. Эпические войны между родственными расами меняют облик континентов, великие цивилизации расцветают и угасают, легионы мертвецов шагают по земле. Vangie Beal. A columnar database management system (CDBMS) is a type of database management system (DBMS) that writes and reads data tables by columns instead of rows. Nanotechnology. 22,401 likes · 1 talking about this. 1. Adobe Acrobat DC is Adobe’s all-in-one PDF solution that lets its users, on desktop and mobile, create and convert, edit, and review and annotate their PDFs. clk: Short for “click. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. VS Code is developed by Microsoft and supports the macOS, Linux, and Windows operating systems. Encrypting takes readable data and alters it so it appears random. Vangie Beal. PDF is short for Portable Document Format. The term typically is used in reference to enterprise -level resource management. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. Computing services can include servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence. In this case, therefore, the subnet mask would be 11111111. Этот перевод был выполнен коллективом переводчиков "Warhammer: Чёрная Библиотека". T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. Also known as application proxy or application-level proxy, an application gateway is an application program that runs on a firewall system between two networks. A database, often abbreviated as DB, is a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. It is an alternative to traditional local storage (such as disk or tape drives) and portable storage (such as optical media or flash drives). Headquartered in Dublin, Ireland, Accenture currently serves clients in more than 50 countries around the world. Every transaction on a website, every piece of lead contact. The client makes a request for data and the server responds to the client request. Generally, an information technology repository (or repo) is a centralized place where data is stored and maintained in an organized way, typically in computer storage. The word fob is believed to have originated from watch fobs, which existed as early as 1888. Since the release of the Apple iPod in 2001, under the iPod brand Apple has released many variations of its product such as the iPod classic, iPod Touch, iPod Shuffle, iPod Mini. PDF is a file format developed by Adobe Systems in 1992. Warhammer 40,000 и Warhammer: Age of Sigmar! Прямо сейчас она содержит 1907 переводов с английского на русский. Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet access. bb) and Finland (. Key chains, remote car starters, garage door openers, and keyless entry devices on hotel. Материал из Warpopedia Перейти к навигации Перейти к поиску Мыслеуправление / Mindshackle (рассказ)Lucas Ledbetter. Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet rather than having local servers or personal devices handle applications. A database, often abbreviated as DB, is a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. Using a pay-per-click model, campaigns are only charged when a user clicks on an ad that is displayed on one of Google s networks, including Search, Display, and Shopping, as well. An example is below. Modern computers are electronic and digital. Организация и структура Легио Кустодес. Visual Studio (VS) Code is an open-source code editor primarily used to correct and repair cloud and web applications coding errors. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP’s network. What is a QWERTY Keyboard? A QWERTY keyboard is a popular keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. – 51% of data is structured. Сын Гора. Here are a few examples of registry operators countries have delegated to enforce their ccTLD: Barbados (. A storage area network (SAN) is a high-speed network that provides access to data storage at the block level. Organizations relied on physically present. Routing is typically performed by a specialized device known as a router. БАГРОВЫЕ КУЛАКИ: ВОПРЕКИ ТРУДНОСТЯМ. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to. The fob refers to an ornament attached to a pocket-watch chain. Google Classroom is a free, internet-based collaboration tool developed by Google as part of G Suite for Education for creating, distributing, and grading assignments. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. Austria (. ”In this article, we’ll walk you through the basics of how to learn coding if you’re older. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Примархи. September 1, 1996. Typically, a software platform supports many programming languages. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. Layer 4—Transport. Since the 1980s, all email addresses follow the same format: @. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. For example, if you take your laptop to a coffee shop and attempt to connect to the local Wi-Fi network, your screen will display a list of SSIDs. Webopedia, owned by Find. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. co is the most comprehensive online information technology and computer science reference for IT professionals, students, and educators. SMH means Shaking my head. Webopedia Staff. Updated by Kyle Guerico. Blog can also be used as a verb (“I will be blogging live from. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers. Император – Повелитель Человечества, Последний и Первый Владыка ИмпериумаVangie Beal. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. The CPU is the main control center of a computer; it instructs all programs to run and receives input from the user. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. Действующие персонажи. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. Если Император – отец Легионес Астартес, то Терра – их мать. Webopedia Staff. Габриэль Сет – магистр капитула Расчленителей, Повелитель Кретации, Страж Ярости Материал из Warpopedia Перейти к навигации Перейти к поиску Перевод коллектива " Warhammer: Чёрная Библиотека " May 19, 2011. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. A storage area network (SAN) is a high-speed network that provides access to data storage at the block level. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. A keyboard is an input device that uses a set of finger-sized buttons called keys to enter or manipulate data on a computer or other device. Enterprise resource planning software typically. Живая вода / Aqua Vitae (рассказ) Этот перевод был выполнен коллективом переводчиков "Warhammer: Чёрная Библиотека". It is most frequently used for remote employees accessing a business s potentially sensitive information or individual users who want to maintain Internet privacy away from home. September 1, 1996. AI software enhances the processes and. A student portal is a commonly used phrase to describe the login page where students can provide a username and password to gain access to an education organization’s programs and other learning related materials. 0 basically refers to the transition from static HTML Web pages to a more dynamic Web that is more organized and is based on. A directory is a location for storing files on a computer. To learn more about Network Certification, check out these courses. Вокруг Громовых Воинов и их внезапного исчезновения из истории Империума ходит бесчисленное множество легенд и теорий, большая часть которых представляет собой вымыслы. A router is a piece of hardware (or software) that receives, filters, and sends data packets across networks. Webopedia Staff. Recommended Reading: Webopedia’s Wireless Networking Standards page. 12: Sierra. cre8: short for “create. Рядом с ним всегда находилась свита из наиболее полезных его сыновей, именуемых Рукокрылыми – в их состав избирались лучшие офицеры со. The term “system” refers to the interconnection of individual components, which work together to perform an overall task or set of tasks. A word processor is software or a device that allows users to create, edit, and print documents. Updated on: May 24, 2021. Use-After-Free vulnerabilities are a type of memory corruption flaw that can be leveraged by hackers to execute arbitrary code. Тюремный корабль “Эак”, высокая орбита Урана. The web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the internet, to transmit data. Similarly, ASCII control characters and formatting characters like paragraph marks are also special characters. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Some industry trackers cite the first blog as belonging to David Winer, “Scripting News” (1997). Fields, Records and Files. Wi-Fi originated in Hawaii in 1971, where a wireless UHF packet. This can include shapes and pictures that appear on a display screen as well as less tangible software entities. The term “system” refers to the interconnection of individual components, which work together to perform an overall task or set of tasks. Similar to a typewriter, the keys on a keyboard act as switches or levers but can also be combined to perform complex operations. A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a handheld device that combines multiple organization features. Depending on the router’s bandwidth, it can. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. In classifying big data, Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) looked at how much of companies’ data was structured versus unstructured, as well as how much was generated internally versus externally. A platform can also host an application or a service. It’s used to help drive traffic, leads, and sales for the business. It’s a general term that refers to multiple types of services, specifically referring to the initial setup of the services. Search engines are programs that search documents for specific keywords and return a list of the documents where the keywords were found. Материал из Warpopedia Перейти к навигации Перейти к поиску Перевод коллектива " Warhammer Age of Sigmar — Чертог Просвещения "This guide is designed to help you understand the differences between parallel and serial interfaces, including SCSI, ATA, SAS and SATA. PDF captures formatting information from a variety of desktop publishing applications, making it possible to send formatted documents and have them appear on the recipient’s monitor or printer as they were intended. In a split DNS infrastructure, you create two zones for the same domain, one to be used by the internal network, the other used by the external network typically users on the Internet. Where a hub or switch is concerned with transmitting frames, a router’s job, as its name implies, is to route packets to other networks until that packet ultimately reaches its destination. com component represents the top level domain (TLD) for the email address. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. While a computer is actively using an application, that application’s data is processed in main memory. Сон пришёл к Мерсади подобно вору, украв свет, закрыв веки и затянув в темноту. September 1, 1996. Advertise with Webopedia and our other IT-focused platforms. Updated on: February 25, 2022. Воин Черного Легиона, рожден на Хтонии. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. Typically the messages are notes entered from the keyboard or electronic files stored on disk. While AR is compatible with a growing list of devices, it is most popular on smartphone applications. A special character is one that is not considered a number or letter. Developed by Cisco, the NAT process relies on a device (usually a router) to make all necessary IP address. An interface is a boundary where. Ассасинорум. 1. Хозяева ночи. In these configurations, the server’s operating system views the SAN devices as if they were directly connected. Действующие лица. TCP is an abbreviation of Transmission Control Protocol, and pronounced as separate letters. Technically, a chat room is really a channel, but the term room is used to promote the chat metaphor. Warhammer Fantasy — фэнтезийный сеттинг, созданный компанией Games Workshop и использованный во многих её играх, в том числе в варгейме Warhammer Fantasy. Folders and files are. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Updated on: April 28, 2022. Возвышение Хоруса / Horus Rising (роман) - издано официально 2. Updated on: September 22, 2021. Typically hubs contain between four and 12 ethernet ports. 11110000. Layer 3—Network. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Амураэль Энка. A search engine is really a general class of programs; however, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Google, Bing, and Yahoo! Search that enable users to search for documents, articles. Содержание 1. March 25, 2022. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. February 25, 2022. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in. Help, policies and guidelines. jpg — перевод из Warpopedia, Гильдии переводчиков вселенных Warhammer. Online data storage refers to the practice of storing electronic data with a third party service accessed via the Internet. DVDs are commonly used as a medium for digital representation of movies and other multimedia presentations that combine sound with graphics. Готрек & Феликс: Мифы и Легенды / Gotrek & Felix: Myths and Legends. A repository can serve different functions. gs) have private company. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. It’s primarily used for storing, modifying, extracting and searching for information within a database. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, students, and educators. War against the Zandalari. Updated on: April 5, 2022. Additionally, APIs are used when programming graphical user interface (GUI) components. Integrated circuits are used for a variety of devices, including microprocessors, audio and. Webopedia is an online information technology and computer science resource for IT professionals, stuIn this Webopedia Study Guide, you’ll learn more about each of the five generations of computers and the advances in technology that have led to the development of the many computing devices we use today. Updated on: May 24, 2021. Предательство и тотальная война: кровавая история Крига Перед падением. All nodes on a given network share the same network. As software is a form of intellectual property (IP), a EULA encourages. Generally, an object is any software item that can be individually selected and manipulated. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Layer 5—Session. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. This includes expert programmers as well as novices. It’s designed to minimize latency in loading web pages by reducing the physical distance between the server and the user. January 10, 1997. Updated on: July 22, 2022. Updating your firewall and your operating system is essential to maintaining optimal protection, as is testing your firewall to ensure. 8 trillion GBs) of information, which is enough data to fill 57. Материал из Warpopedia Перейти к навигации Перейти к поиску Тренодия для Колчева / A Threnody for Kolchev (рассказ)Chika C Uchendu. Updated on: September 30, 2021. Действующие лица. Random access memory, or RAM, is the most common example of main memory. Updated on: March 22, 2022. cl) and the Bahamas (. Vangie Beal. Если целью атаки модели с данной тактикой является боевая единица, содержащая хотя бы на 5 моделей больше, чем боевая единица этой модели, то прибавляйте 1 ед. Gigabit is abbreviated Gb, as opposed to gigabyte, which is abbreviated GB. A byte is a measurement of data that contains eight bits, which is the smallest increment of data on a computer. A web application is a software program (or website) capable of receiving dynamic content requests and delivering resources over the internet for web clients (users). Short for electronic mail, email (or e-mail) is defined as the transmission of messages over communications networks. Every device that is capable of connecting to the internet has a unique IP. Carnegie Mellon University, Institute for eCommerce, Internet. Конрад Кёрз был истинным Тёмным Королём своих Повелителей Ночи. Updated on: August 11, 2022. A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the. (2) When used to describe data transfer rates, it refers to 10 to the 9th power (1,000,000,000) bits. In these configurations, the server’s operating system views the SAN devices as if they were directly connected. Updated on: May 24, 2021. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and. Updated on: May 24, 2021. Not to be confused with the popular baked good, a web cookie is a small piece of data given to a web browser by a web server. Advertisers. ) To connect with or interact with by means of an interface. A Hello World program is a computer program that outputs or displays the message, “Hello, World!”. Cost: Free. The principles of routing can apply to many networks such as circuit-switched networks and computer networks. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. It connects servers with storage devices like disk arrays, RAID hardware, and tape libraries. Accenture is a global professional services company that specializes in information technology (IT) consulting, strategy, and operations. WANs can be public, as in the Internet (the largest WAN in. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. Материал из Warpopedia Перейти к навигации Перейти к поиску Правила создания и использования контента портала WARPFROG — «Гильдии Переводчиков Warhammer & Warhammer 40,000». Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. Once installed, the spyware monitors user activity on the Internet and transmits that information in the background to someone else. Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all. Basically, an API specifies how software components should interact. Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text, which makes it. Updated on: May 24, 2021. It’s a file system cataloging structure that contains references to other files or directories.